I have been watching the Ken Burns production on the American Revolution, and am struck immediately by the many things in that formative history of the nation that are not registered by the current political advocates of all stripes, and especially by those espousing “Christian Nationalism,” and particularly “White Christian Nationalism.”
In a quick clip with several photos—and a bit of irony: the documentary says that the Continental Army was integrated, and that the American army would not be integrated again for 200 years! The Native Americans, who had been bounced between alliances with the French and English, now had to choose between the British and the Americans. The six tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy, or “Haudenosaunee,” which had held together with an ingenious arrangement of representative/democratic government over centuries, were splintered by the War.
Well before the War and revolutionary fervor, Benjamin Franklin had visited and studied the Haudenosaunee, and at a point years before the Declaration of Independence, had called a meeting of the then seven colonies to explore following the Native lead in establishing a confederation of colonies. Delegates were impressed with the centuries-old alliance, and agreed to pursue, but could not sell the plan to their colonies back home.
We learned that Washington’s troops that wintered at Valley Forge were 10 percent Black. That means over 1000 Black men, mostly freed slaves, fought alongside white settlers and Indians. In another twist that we didn’t get in my history books, Burns’ documentary claims there were several languages spoken by the Continental soldiers that winter at Valley Forge: English, German, Dutch, French, and any number of Native American tongues. It truly was an integrated army.
Burns does not dwell on religion. There is brief mention with no enumeration of the founders’ religions. Jefferson and his friend John Adams traded edits of the Declaration, and ended up with “endowed by their creator,” “self-evident,” and “Nature’s God” as they reached towards the infinite. And now I veer from the documentary to other sources for religious affiliations of the founders. There are several enumerations, but it appears that the largest number of signers were Anglican, with a few Quakers, Baptists, Congregationalists, one Catholic, at least two Unitarians, and several—even of those subscribing to one of the above organized religions—who considered themselves deists.
Washington apparently attended several churches, but might have considered himself a Deist. Adams was a definite Unitarian. Jefferson, the primary architect of the Declaration, attended churches but leaned towards deism and/or Unitarianism. His beliefs are probably best reflected in a book he constructed, The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth, commonly referred to as the Jefferson Bible. I say “constructed” rather than wrote, because Jefferson built his Bible by cutting and pasting the King James text—while consulting other versions in Greek, French, and Latin—with razer and glue. It excludes all miracles by Jesus and most mentions of the supernational, the resurrection, and passages that portray Jesus as divine. (If you are curious, we have a copy in the Josephy Library.)
This collection of men—and all the ambiguities that today’s enumeration of founders’ religious affiliations demonstrate—made the wording of the document important, and to my mind made the idea of religious freedom central to the Continental cause.
Our origins are complicated. The Revolutionary War was complicated. Phil Deloria, one of the Native historians who appears onscreen in the documentary, points out the recruitment of Native soldiers that occurred simultaneously with the promise of Indian lands to White settler soldiers for their service. And the issue of slavery—Washington, Jefferson, and many founders held slaves of course, and even those who, like Jefferson, opposed it philosophically, thought that the new nation would not survive without upholding the institution for the southern colonies. Meanwhile, a loyalist leader who held slaves himself offered freedom to others’ slaves who would join him! And the “All men” of the Declaration did not include Blacks, Indians, women, or white men without property!
But Christian from the beginning? Look not to the founding documents, but to the “Great Awakenings.” The first awakening occurred in the 1730s, so our founders were products of that series of events, which was largely aimed at reforming and individualizing Protestantism of the time.
And the Declaration, the Constitution and Independence all preceded the “Second Great Awakening,” which occurred in the first decades of the nineteenth century. This Awakening reached out to the unchurched, and spawned new churches like Joseph Smith’s Mormons and a broad missionary movement among several older Protestant denominations. Missionaries went to preach among the Moslems in the Holy Land, the Hindus in India, and the indigenous Hawaiians and Native Americans in the Western territories of the expanding United States.
That is how the Whitmans and the Spaldings came to missionize among the Cayuse and the Nez Perce in the 1830s.
As I said, our country’s origins are complicated. It was, even, as the Burns’ documentary explains, an international conflict, with people of many countries of origin, languages, religions, and colors of skin its participants. The attempts of current Christian nationalists to squeeze our origins into a simple golden founding event are a disservice to history and the nation we are still becoming.
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Image is book cover of American Revolution
